- Limbic System
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Pineal Gland
- Amygdala
- Amygdala
- Also called nucleus amygdalæ
- Almond-shaped groups of nuclei
- Medial temporal lobes
- Part of basal ganglia?
- Processes emotional memories
- Linked to both fear & pleasure
- Several structures
- basolateral complex
- cortical nucleus
- medial nucleus
- central nucleus
- Output =
- Hypothalamus
- Activates sympathetic nerves
- Thalamic reticular nucleus
- Increases reflexes
- Trigeminal & facial nerves
- Expressions
- Activates dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Memory formation & storage
- Memories of emotional events
- Mediate long-term signal potentiation of neurons?
- Memories of emotional exper. trigger fear behavior
- Freeze (immobility)
- Stress hormone (heart rate…)
- Damage
- Impairs classical conditioning
- Both acquiring and expressing
- Pavlovian fear conditioning
- Positive reinforcement
- Classical conditioning
- Separate neurons for pos. & neg., not anatomically different
- No clear wiring plan
- Memory Consolidation
- Convert to long-term storage
- Learning can occur without it
- Help regulate hippocampus?
- Strength of emotion impacts strength of memory
- Add stress hormone after learn, recall better (at least in rats)
- What amygdala does
- Evaluate significance of stimuli
- Generate emotional responses
- Generate hormonal secretions
- Generate autonomic reactions come with strong emotions
- Involved with?
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- Depression
- Phobias
- Anxiety
- Autism
- Anything Emotional
- Also called nucleus amygdalæ
- Emotions
- What Is Emotion?
- Category of stimuli
- high significance to an individual
- high arousal (strong feelings)
- subjective response
- quick & automatic
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Prepares for brief-vigorous action
- Parasympathetic
- alters activities to save energy and prepare for long-term
- Strong emotions increase readiness to act
- Category of stimuli
- Identifying Emotions
- Facial Expressions
- 10,000 expressions
- 40 muscles
- Voluntary
- Making movement doesn’t always cause emotion
- Involuntary
- Some are same across cultures
- Display rules vary
- Quickly cover up
- Some are same across species
- Micro Expressions
- Less than a second
- Examples
- Surprise is shortest expression
- Who is worried?
- BBC program: The Human Face
- Gestures
- Emblems
- Differ by culture
- Yes = nod head up and down
- No = shake head left-right
- Egyptian culture
- Tomorrow = hand loop
- After tomorrow = two loops
- Distress = hands on head (one pat other)
- Differ by culture
- Not Quite Words
- Puh
- What Is Emotion?
- Basic Emotions
- Hard-wired
- Can feel more than one at once
- Wundt
- Classified along two dimensions
- Pleasant or unpleasant
- Level of activation (arousal)
- Classified along two dimensions
- Wundt
- No agreed upon list:
- Fear
- Anger
- Disgust
- Sad
- Surprise
- Happiness
- Fear
- Decrease in skin temp (cold-feet)
- blood flow to feet?
- Includes:
- Thoughts (worries, etc)
- Physical sensation (heart, breath)
- Behaviors (run, escape, avoid)
- “fight or flight”
- Heart
- Increased force & rate
- “pounding heart”
- Muscles
- Increased tension
- Sweaty-cold palms
- Nausea & diarrhea
- Tremors
- Fear Conditioning
- Even minor $ can cause fear
- Un-erasable fear response?
- PTSD
- Rat is shocked (electrical)
- Fears stimulus
- Fears old cage & new cages
- Fears new situations
- Humans
- Attacked or trauma
- More fearful in many situations
- Generalized emotional arousal
- Stimulus generalization
- Amygdala
- Makes associations of events with emotional sensations
- Mediate long-term signal potentiation of neurons?
- Anger
- Characteristics
- Eyebrows together
- Eyes glare
- Narrow lips
- Causes increase in skin temp (hot under the collar)
- blood flow to arms
- Display Rules
- Animals
- Make loud sounds
- Try to look larger
- Bare teeth
- Stare
- Humans
- Display as social manipulation
- Cultural rules
- Animals
- Impacts
- Less self-monitoring
- Less objective observations
- Increased activity in left hem.
- Particularly frontal & temporal
- Lateral orbitofrontal cortex
- Inhibits anger
- Approach motivation
- Positive affective processes
- Underestimate risk
- Believe ventures will succeed
- Feel less likely for heart disease
- Feel more likely get raise
- More prejudiced against outsiders
- Less trusting
- On alert
- Look for other attacks
- Anticipate more angry events
- Not sad events
- Characteristics
- Disgust
- Revulsion
- Withdraw
- Contamination
- Seen is all cultures
- different cultures find different things disgusting
- Cross-Cultural
- Widely recognized
- Shown by
- slightly narrowed brows
- curled upper lip, wrinkling nose
- stick out tongue
- Children
- 5-month olds avoid toy parents make negative faces at
- Until 10, interpret it as anger
- Related to sense of taste-smell
- disgusted by inharmonious
- Impact
- Facial expression
- Moldy milk
- Eeuu!
- Triggered if people look ill?
- Feces, urine, body fluids
- Blood & gore
- Gender differences
- Women more than men
- Especially sexual disgust
- Also thinking about dentists
- Anterior insula
- Activated by unpleasant tastes, smells and images
- Active when disgusted
- Active when nauseated
- Damage to anterior insula
- Can’t experience disgust
- Trouble recognizing facial expressions of disgust
- Mirror-neuron matching system
- Triggers in us what we see in others
- Intensifies moral judgments
- Those people are more guilty
- Sad
- Emotional pain
- Temporary (depression chronic)
- Loss, despair, helplessness
- Crying
- Crying is bad criterion
- Separation from parent
- Sad
- Afraid
- Pupil size
- Faces with small pupils rated more sad
- Your pupil size smaller when sad
- Depression
- Sad, anxious, empty, hopeless
- Aversion to activity
- Lose of interest
- Emotional pain
- Surprise
- Shortest expression
- Brief emotional state
- unexpected event
- Is long-lasting surprise shock?
- Characteristics
- Raised eyebrows
- curved and high
- most important cue
- Horizontal wrinkles on forehead
- Dropped jaw
- Intensity = how much jaw drops
- Open eyelids
- See whites of their eyes
- Lasts fraction of a second
- Followed by fear, joy, etc.
- Raised eyebrows
- 1. Hard to fake expression
- 2. Hard to fake feeling
- Raising eyebrows won’t give feeling
- Startle response
- Reaches pons 3-8 ms
- Followed by reappraisal
- shift emotion to joy, etc.
- Happiness
- Martin Selligman’s PERMA
- Pleasure (tasty food, warm bath)
- Engagement (flow) (challenging activity)
- Relationships
- Significant others
- Spending money on others
- Meaning (quest for something bigger)
- Accomplishments (completed tangible goals)
- Damage to brain reduces it
- Huntington’s disease
- Parkinson’s disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Epilepsy
- Stroke
- No validated way to increase
- Don’t know how to substantially improve long-term happiness
- Martin Selligman’s PERMA
- Theories of Emotion
- Components
- Body sensations (heart rate, etc)
- Perception of danger
- Emotion (fear)
- Behavior (run)
- Stimulus
- 1. Common Sense
- See a bear
- Feel fear
- Run
- 2. James-Lange
- See the bear, run, feel fear
- Emotion is interpretation of physiological $
- I run, therefore I am afraid
- Action first, think about it later
- Find ourselves trembling, experience fear
- But internal organs are relatively insensitive
- Can’t respond quickly
- Feedback from them could account for our feelings of emotions?
- Theory difficult to verify experimentally
- Emotion is a label
- ANS and skeletal actions occur before emotion
- I see bear, run, then feel fear
- 3. Two Factor Theory
- Schachter and Singer
- Ss told given vitamin shot
- Received either
- adrenaline or placebo (saline)
- Put in room with another person (experimenter)
- Took cues from person with
- playful
- angry
- Took cues from person with
- Need both bio reaction and cognitive cues
- I see bear
- I feel sensations
- I see what other people are doing
- If they are afraid, I am afraid
- I see bear
- I feel sensations
- Use cues to determine what I think trembling caused by
- Fear
- Schachter and Singer
- 4. Cognitive Mediation
- Component process model
- Brain senses lots of things
- Make low-level appraisal of rel.
- Triggers bodily reactions, behaviors & feelings
- I see the bear
- I think I’m in trouble
- I breathe fast, run, and feel fear
- Cognitive awareness is fast
- Brain can categorize events as pleasant or unpleasant as quickly as 120 ms
- Components
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