- I. Stimulants
- Mostly psychological dependence
- No physiological addiction
- Also called analeptics
- Invigorating or restorative
- Effects
- Temporary improvement in:
- alertness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity & motion
- Referred to “uppers”
- Increased arousal, heart rate & blood pressure
- Perceive less need of food-sleep
- Improved mood, less anxiety
- Euphoria
- Heart failure
- Anxiety
- Most facilitate norepinephrine
- Increase dopamine
- Inhibit transporter (less reuptake)
- Why Taken
- Counteract fatigue
- Make it through work
- Reduce sleepiness
- Treat narcolepsy
- Decrease appetite
- Weight loss
- Treat obesity
- Improve concentration
- work or school; treat ADHD
- Decrease depression
- Treatment-resistant
- Non-typical
- Counteract fatigue
- 10 Common Stimulants
- 1. Xanthine
- Mild stimulants
- Make less sleepy
- Bronchodilators (was used to treat asthma)
- Caffeine Coffee & tea
- Theobromine Chocolate
- Theophylline Tea & chocolate
- Caffeine
- World’s most widely used drug
- Used by 85% of US daily
- Coffee, tea, soda & tablets
- In some medications
- Enhance drug
- Reduce drowsiness
- 2. Nicotine
- Active chemical in tobacco
- Available in:
- cigarettes, cigars
- chewing tobacco
- nicotine patches
- nicotine gum
- electric cigarettes
- Distribution
- Inhaled
- Distributed quickly thru blood
- Crosses blood-brain barrier
- Reaches brain 10-20 secs
- Half-life is 2 hours
- Effects
- Most is burned when smoked
- Enough inhaled to cause pharmacological effects
- Amount absorbed depends on
- Rate of inhalation: none, fast, slow
- Type of tobacco
- Filter
- Nicotonic Ach receptors
- Ganglion nicotinic receptors
- Adrenal medulla
- Brain
- Nicotinic receptor
- In small concentrations
- Increases activity of receptors
- Impacts other neurotransmitters thru in-direct mechanisms
- Volume control
- At toxic levels
- Muscle contractions & respiratory paralysis
- Impacts dopamine
- Dopamine connection is addictive
- Relaxation
- Euphoria
- Nicotine activates SNS (sympathetic nervous system)
- Adrenal medulla
- Stimulates release of epinephrine
- Affinity for melanin
- More dependence
- Harder to stop smoking in darker-pigmented individuals
- Like cocaine
- Repeated use reduces dopamine response to reinforcement
- Some find it helpful to take antidepressants when quitting
- 3. Amphetamines
- Schedule II drug
- High likelihood for dependence
- Used under severe restrictions
- Some accepted medical use
- High potential for abuse
- Increase NE & dopamine
- Inhibits reuptake
- Direct release of nonepinephrine and dopamine from vesicles
- Pushes dopamine into synapse
- Uses dopamine transporter
- Goes thru cell membrane
- Experience
- Elevated mood & euphoria
- Alertness & concentration
- Increased libido
- Higher self-esteem & confidence
- More social interaction
- More energy
- More awake & focused
- Increased weight loss
- Decreased appetite
- Also
- Rebound depression-anxiety
- Dilated pupils & blood shot eyes
- Hyperactive & restless
- Flushing & headaches (vasoconstriction)
- Tachycardia & tremors
- Dry mouth & itchy skin
- Blurred vision, dizziness
- Insomnia
- Fever
- Symptoms
- Talking fast & nervousness
- Rapid eye movements
- “the jitters,” & shifting
- “Munchies”
- Obsessive behaviors
- Grandiose ideas
- Paranoia
- Psychosis
- Might not sleep for several days
- “Crash“
- lying down on floor, go to sleep
- in middle of activity around them
- in middle of a sentence
- Eventually look thin & gaunt; starved
- Cardiac arrest and death
- Often Abused
- Availability
- Fast-acting effects
- Amphetamines kill better than cocaine
- Speed is cheaper & longer lasting
- Cocaine is an “in” drug
- like champagne; snob appeal
- Extremely dangerous when combined with alcohol
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Depression
- Appetite
- Fatigue
- Deep REM sleep
- Suicidal thoughts
- Vivid dreams
- Agitation
- Can last for day or months
- Used in WWII
- Pilots got “go pills“
- II. Depressants
- Depress function or activity in the brain
- Downer
- Pain relief
- Sedatives
- Muscle relaxation
- Use different pharmacological mechanism
- Most facilitate GABA or opioid receptors
- Inhibit glutamate
- Common depressants
- Alcohol
- Opioids
- Barbituates
- Benzodiazepines
- Depress function or activity in the brain
- 1. Alcohol
- Effects
- Inhibits sodium flow across cell membrane
- More sodium in the cells expands membrane
- Decreases serotonin activity
- Increases dopamine activity
- Blocks glutamate receptors
- Facilitates GABA
- Effects
- Alcoholism
- Type A (Type I)
- Fewer genetic relatives with alcoholism
- Men and women about equally
- Later onset (usually after 25)
- Generally less severe
- Gradual onset
- Type B (Type II)
- Earlier onset (before 25)
- More rapid onset, more severe
- More genetic relatives with alcoholism
- Far more men than women
- Genetic predisposition
- 9% of population
- Unpredictable variables
- Quantity, frequency & regularity
- Risk factors
- Social environment
- Emotional health
- Sensation seeking
- Genetics
- Sons of alcoholic mothers
- After moderate drinking
- Feel less drunk, have less body sway
- Show less change in EEG
- Feel less tense
- Smaller than normal amygdala
- Connects emotions to senses
- Get brain chemistry back to “normal”
- Sons of alcoholic mothers
- Stress
- Gender
- Men 2-3 times more likely
- Women more impacted by long-term use
- Age = Under 16
- Hangovers
- 50% of Chinese-Japanese have gene that slows metabolism of acetaldehyde
- Increases effects of hangover
- Makes hangover immediate
- Less alcoholics
- High rate of suicide in alcoholics & drug abusers
- Distortion of brain chemistry
- Social isolation
- Intoxicated (not thinking clearly)
- 1 in 4 teen suicides is alcohol abuse related
- More crimes
- Abuse, rape, burglaries, assaults
- Chronic use
- Symptoms similar to mental illness when drunk
- When not
- Severe anxiety
- Depression
- Type A (Type I)
- 2. Opioids
- Types
- Natural
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Semi-synthetic opiates
- Heroin
- Synthetic opiates
- Methadone
- Natural
- Highly additive
- Increases release of endorphins
- Decreases pain
- Inhibits GABA
- Causes increase in dopamine
- Blocks release of norepinephrine
- Psychological dependence
- Physical addiction
- Withdrawal not usually fatal
- Tolerance
- Used To Treat
- Post-operative pain
- Cancer pain
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Morphine
- Treats acute and chronic pain
- Heart pain
- Labor pain
- Lasts 3-4 hrs
- Abusers don’t have a preference for morphine or heroin
- Codeine
- Most widely used opiate
- 3-methylmorphine
- natural isomer of methylated morphine
- Used To Treat
- Mild-moderate pain
- Relieve cough
- Diarrhea & irritable bowel syndrome
- Abused
- Phenergam with codeine
- Anti-nausea medication
- Semi-synthetic opiates
- Oxycodone
- Buprenorphine
- Hydromorphone
- Heroin
- Diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate
- Synthesized from morphine
- Schedule I drug
- Effects
- “transcendent relaxation”
- Euphoria
- Tolerance quickly develops
- Users perceive it has different effects from morphine
- Intense rush
- Probably not physical; social
- Synthetic opiates
- Meperidine/pethidine
- Fentanyl
- Methadone
- Compared to morphine or heroin
- Chemically different
- Acts on same receptors
- Use To Treat
- Chronic pain
- Maintenance drug for heroin reduction
- Types
- III. Hallucinogenics
- Subjective perceptual changes
- Disrupt
- Thinking, emotion, consciousness
- Induce experiences
- Not just enhance
- 1. Psychedelics
- LSD
- Stimulates serotonin receptors
- at inappropriate times
- for longer than normal duration
- Marijuana
- Leaves contain THC
- intensify sensory experience
- Impacts release of dopamine
- Impairs ability to form new memories
- Impairs ability to shift focus
- Disrupts coordination and balance
- Binds to receptors in cerebellum and basal ganglia
- Impairs ability to learn new skills
- Dance, sports or driving
- Alters how info processed in hippocampus
- Doesn’t affect breathing and heart rate as many substances
- Only few receptors in medulla & brain stem
- Limits firing of all neurons
- Both excitatory and inhibitory
- Hypothalamus doesn’t increase appetite when starving
- Disrupts sense of time
- Stays in system for 4 weeks
- Leaves contain THC
- LSD
- 2. Dissociatives
- Feel detached from the environment
- Feel dream-like or unreal
- “out of body”
- Don’t recognize self in mirror
- Ketamine
- DXM
- PCP
- angel dust
- Schedule II drug
- Impacts ionotropic glutamate receptors
- NMDA receptors
- also inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- NMDA receptors
- Brain damage
- Schizophrenia-like symptoms
- “embalming fluid” = cigarette dipped in PCP
- Effects
- Varies by dose
- Loss of ego boundaries
- Paranoia
- Hallucinations
- Suicidal impulses
- Nitrous Oxide
- Colorless, sweet, non-flammable gas
- Laughing gas or sweet air
- Oxide of nitrogen
- Oxidizer in rocketry
- Aerosol spray propellant
- Street names: whip-its, poppers or snappers
- Vapor is “huffed“
- Deprives body of oxygen
- Euphoric effect
- Seizures
- 3. Deliriants
- Examples
- Deadly nightshade
- Jimson weed
- Mandrake
- Nutmeg
- Effects
- Stupor, confusion, confabulation
- Disrobing and plucking
- Conversation with imagined people
- Don’t recognize self in mirror
- Examples
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