- Hormones
- Inexact definition
- Secreted from glands
- Endorphins
- Steroids
- Endo – for endogenous (body)
- Orphin – for morphine (morphine-like)
- Produced by
- Pituitary & hypothalamus
- Excreted during activities
- Not clear which activities or when
- Released during?
- Exercise or excitement
- Pain or passion
- Spicy food
- Difficult to research
- Can’t measure brain levels
- Only measure plasma levels
- Endorphins
- β-endorphin
- Released by pituitary
- Blood carries it to spinal cord and brain
- Can’t enter brain
- In brain
- Inappropriate dopamine release
- Inhibit GABA
- Activate dopamine
- Creates dependency
- β-endorphin
- Activity or Chemical?
- Effects resemble opiates
- Produce analgesia
- Feeling of well-being
- No special receptors
- Probably caused by:
- Simultaneous release of
- Epinephrine, serotonin & dopamine
- Endocanabanoids
- same receptor impacted by marijuana
- Experiences
- Endorphin rush
- Feelings of exhilaration
- When in stress, pain, danger
- Prevent nerve cells in spinal cord from sending pain signals
- Feel power and control to persist in current activity even if injured
- Runner’s High
- Long, continuous workouts
- Pass threshold activates endorphins
- Difficult breathing
- Muscles lose glucose
- Trance = overtaxing info processing power
- Distorted perceptions
- pure happiness, elation, unity with self, peacefulness, timelessness, inner harmony, boundless energy
- Altered state of consciousness
- From completing a challenge
- Not amount of exertion
- Might explain
- Float tank
- Acupuncture
- Sex Hormones
- What are they = steroids
- Made by gonads
- (ovaries or testes)
- Made by the adrenal glands
- Synthetic sex steroids = anabolic steroids
- Made by gonads
- Three Types
- Testosterone (androgen)
- Estradiol (estrogen)
- Progesterone (progestagen)
- All are present in each sex; different levels
- Composition
- Hydrophobic molecules
- Transported in blood bound
- Bound to serum globulin
- Bind to receptor proteins located in target cell’s cytoplasm and/or nucleus
- “Target” cells = change their gene expression in response to the hormone
- Forms hormone-receptor complex in cytoplasm
- Enters nucleus of target cell
- Binds to sequences of DNA
- Called response elements
- How they work
- Estrogen
- Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
- High levels of estrogen
- suppress GnRH release
- negative-feedback loop
- Progesterone
- Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- High levels of progesterone
- suppress GnRH release
- negative-feedback loop
- Estrogen
- How impact menstrual cycle
- Fertilization
- Cells around ovum secrete progesterone
- Creates gradient of progesterone
- Sperm swim by chemotaxis
- follow “scent”
- Progesterone
- Opens CatSper2 channel
- anterior of the sperm tail
- Influx of calcium ions
- Makes flagellum beat rapidly
- Maintaining pregnancy
- Blastocyst implanted in uterus
- Inner portion: embryo, fetus…
- Outer portion: placenta, cord…
- Secretes the gycoprotein HCG
- (human chorionic goanadotropin)
- HCG
- Basic structure of FSH & LH
- Behaves like FSH & LH
- Not inhibited by high levels of progesterone
- Prevents deterioration of corpus luteum
- Allows pregnancy to continue
- Only released by implanted trophoblast
- Used as pregnancy test
- During pregnancy
- placenta is major source of progesterone
- maintains pregnancy
- Birth control
- Oral contraceptives: the “pill”
- Synthetic estrogen or progesterone or both
- Inhibit GnRH secretion
- Prevent release of LH
- No ovulation, no egg to fertilize
- But get increased blood clotting
- RU-486
- Mifepristone
- Morning after pill
- Synthetic of progesterone-like steroid
- Antagonist = blocks progesterone
- Binds tightly to progesterone receptors
- Turns off the genes that turn on progesterone
- Menopause
- 42 – 55 years old
- Follicles less responsive to FSH and LH
- Secrete less estrogen
- Ovulation & menstruation
- become irregular
- finally stop
- Estrogen drops to1-tenth or less
- Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary
- levels of FSH & LH rise
- cause unpleasant symptoms
- Estrogen & depression
- General Depression common in women
- Postpartum depression
- Perimenopausal depression
- Postmenopausal depression
- Men
- Testosterone
- Androgen (male sex hormone)
- Made in testes (by Leydig cells)
- Production increases sharply at puberty
- Secondary sexual characteristics
- Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
- High levels of testosterone
- suppress GnRH release
- negative-feedback loop
- Men also need estrogen
- Stops from being extra tall
- Lowers risk of osteoporosis
- Effects on behavior
- Synthetic androgen is an anabolic steroid
- Weight lifters…athletes
- Decrease in libido, testes size, sperm count
- One theory: testosterone after loss game
- Drops in those who don’t care about loss
- Rises in those highly competitive
- “Hight-T Men”
- Like a testosterone addiction
- Not just sports
- Also in mate competition
- Yell at their dogs
- Testosterone
- High-T men
- Less emotionally connected
- High sexual drive
- Violent
- Low-T men
- Good at relationships
- Good at child raising
- Maybe not male-female brains
- High-low testosterone & estrogen brains
- What are they = steroids
- Intro To Drugs
- Chemicals
- Not needed for normal cell functioning
- Significantly alters synapses
- Can be fatal in large doses
- Sites of Action
- Where drug molecules interact with cell molecules in or on cell body
- Affects biochemical processes
- Pharmacokinetics
- How drugs are distributed in body and absorbed in cell
- Metabolized and excreted
- Administration
- Intravenous (IV) injection
- directly into a vein
- fastest route
- Intraperitoneal (IP) injection
- Cancer chemotherapy
- Into body cavity
- peritoneal cavity
- space that surrounds stomach, intestines, liver, etc.
- Intramuscluar (IM)
- into a muscle
- Subcutaneous (SC) injection
- into the space beneath the skin
- Oral administration
- Swallowed
- Most common
- Sublingual admin
- Putting under tongue
- Intrarectal
- Into rectum
- Inhalation
- Breathing in
- Into lungs
- Topical admin
- On skin or mucous membrane
- Intracerebroventricular (ICV)
- Into a cerebral ventricles
- For widespread distribution in the brain
- Intravenous (IV) injection
- How long to brain
- 1. Lipid solubility
- Lipid-soluble molecules can pass thru BBB
- Water-soluble molecules blocked
- 2. Depot binding
- Binding a drug with body tissues or blood proteins
- Can delay or prolong the effects of a drug
- 1. Lipid solubility
- Pharmacology Principles
- Inactivation and Excretion
- Drugs do not remain in body indefinitely
- Most deactivated by enzymes
- Excreted by kidneys
- Dose-response curve
- Increasing dose causes increasing effects
- until maximum effect is reached
- Therapeutic Index
- Ratio of desired to toxic effects
- Dose where desired effect is 50%
- Dose where 50% die (toxic)
- Increasing dose causes increasing effects
- Why effects vary
- Repeated Administration
- Different sites of action
- Affinity
- Higher affinity, lower dose needed
- Readiness to bind
- Drugs in CNS bind to receptors, transport molecules or enzymes
- Tolerance
- More you take, less effect
- If taken regularly, withdrawal symptoms when stop taking it
- Causes tolerance mechanism
- Heroin
- Sensitization
- Less common than tolerance
- More you take it, stronger effect
- Cocaine
- repeated use causes movement disorders
- euphoric effects show tolerance
- Chemicals
Leave a Reply